under the title of Economic Geography. The first issue runs to over 130 pages, and is copiously illustrated, both with sketch-maps and illustrations from photographs. The purpose of the new publication is given as the attempt to satisfy the "need for a full knowledge of the natural resources of the world, and a better understanding of the natural conditions to which man must the more carefully adapt himself as population increases and the burden upon the land is made heavier." The editorial staff expect to obtain the active support of experts both within the United States and in Europe and Canada. This wide outlook is indicated by the nature of the contents of the first part. This has two articles devoted to Canadian problems-"The Grain Trade of Montreal" and "The Coal Resources of Canada," while one, " Map Studies of Population and Cultivated Lands in Scandinavia," deals with Europe. Of the three remaining articles one, "Geography and World Production," is concerned with a general problem, and the other two, "The Relation of Geography to the Timber Supply" and "A Land Policy for the Public Domain," with questions primarily of interest within the United States.

The article on the grain trade of Montreal, by Dr. C. F. Jones, may be noted particularly as giving definite information on points in regard to which many geographical text-books in this country are vague and unsatisfactory. The routes by which wheat from the prairie provinces of Canada and from the United States reaches Montreal are described with great clearness, emphasis being laid not only on the fact that only 5 per cent. of the Canadian grain reaching Montreal comes by continuous water passage from Fort William and Port Arthur, but on the combination of causes which leads to (1) transhipment to smaller boats at Port Colbourne (at the Lake Erie end of the Welland Canal), (2) the use of Georgian Bay ports, followed by the rail route to Montreal, and (3) the use of the all-rail route. The fact that the importance of Montreal as a grain port is due partly to purely geographical causes and partly to economic ones, is also made abundantly clear.

EDUCATIONAL.

A New Geographical Appliance.—We have received a specimen of an ingenious piece of apparatus which should be of much use to teachers. It is called the "Mapograph" and consists of a spring frame holding a map roll. By its means an outline map can be rolled into an exercise book or on a separate sheet of paper with great rapidity, so that a number of copies of the map can be obtained in a short space of time. In this way each pupil can be supplied with a number of outline maps of the same area, on which different symbols can be inserted. Map rolls representing many countries and areas can be obtained, and the transferred outline is clear and definite.

NEW BOOKS.

EUROPE.

The Norway Year-Book, 1924. Edited by S. C. HAMMER. Christiania:
Sverre Mortensen. Price 14 kr.

This is the first issue of what promises to be a notable addition to the existing year-books. It deals with a great variety of topics, and we may specially note sections by well-known authorities on the geography, climate, flora, fauna, geology, meteorology, etc., of the country as containing much of interest to the geographer. There are uncoloured maps of Norway and Spitsbergen and an index. It would be easy to criticise various details, but we gather from the preface that the editor has already in mind a thorough revision, so that the present form must be regarded as provisional. We might suggest that the addition of references to some of the sections would be a great improvement.

GENERAL.

Vom Wirtschaftsgeist im Orient. By ALFRED RÜHL, Professor in the University of Berlin. Leipzig: Quelle and Meyer, 1925.

The title of this little book is apt to mislead the English-speaking peoples. Under the name of the Orient, they tend naturally to think of eastern Asia, especially India, China, and Japan, but Professor Rühl follows a usage not unfamiliar in German according to which the name designates the Mohammedan countries bordering the Mediterranean, including even Morocco, although it extends to about sixteen degrees west of the meridian of Greenwich, and more than thirty west of that of Berlin. The main subject of the booklet is, in fact, the influence of Mohammedanism on economic activity in North Africa, principally Algeria.

The treatment of this subject is admirable. It is rare to find so much learning so compactly utilised. Not a line is wasted. The volume is so full of matter that it is difficult to summarise, but the main drift of its contents is to show that as contrasted with Europe the general principle of economic life in the region with which it deals is co-operation rather than competition (see in particular the summary on pp. 80-81). While this is generally explained as a natural outcome of Mohammedan doctrine, religion is not made wholly responsible for the economic weaknesses that Europeans are apt to point out in those countries. If, for example, slackness, a spirit of wearied resignation, a disposition to let things go as they please, must be recognised as characteristics of the people of North Africa, the causes must be sought, in the opinion of the author, mainly in the historical development, in centuries of oppression and exploitation by a corrupt absolutism and a no less corrupt upper class. In Algeria in particular, under Turkish rule, the population might be divided into "devourers" and "devoured." In addition to natural plagues, the inhabitants lived in constant dread of plundering raids of the garrisons, of the exaction of forced labour by the officials, and of grinding taxation. The taxes did not represent a percentage of the product of labour, but the snatching away of everything beyond the minimum required for a modest existence. The people were thus reduced to a condition of hopelessness (pp. 3940). Two minor but economically important elements of the population kept distinct by religion, the Jews and the Mozabites (M'zab), are specially noticed, the latter at some length (pp. 84 to the end). They are an unorthodox sect of Mohammedans whose home is in oases to the south of Algeria incapable of furnishing them with all the necessaries of life, so that they have been forced to

develop commercial relations. Their tenets are somewhat of a Puritan cast, and this fact the author considers to have favoured that development, promoting the growth of a capitalistic spirit, as, according to Max Weber, Calvinism did in Europe (pp. 91-92). G. G. C. Primitive Labour. By L. H. DUDLEY BUXTON. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1924. Price 7s. 6d. net.

This may safely be pronounced to be one of the most valuable fruits of that excellent endowment, the Albert Kahn Travelling Fellowship. So far as the present reviewer is aware, it would be impossible to name any more useful introduction to the subject of which it treats, in the title of which the term "primitive" is not to be understood as indicating absolute order in time. The author distinguishes three stages in the development of man's culture-savagery, barbarism, and civilisation. Those in the first have no satisfactory means except speech of publishing their ideas, and no means of acquiring more wealth than each individual can carry about with him. The barbaric man is the one who may possess material wealth, but has no knowledge of writing (pp. 9-10). It is necessary to keep in mind this definition when one comes across the otherwise somewhat surprising statement (pp. 99-100) that the people of the New World never advanced beyond the stage of barbarism. It is with the labour of people in their first two stages of culture that the author has to do, whether they belonged to a remote past of which we have only scanty archæological evidence or live at the present day. The author's travels as Albert Kahn fellow, and no doubt also independently of that fellowship, have enabled him to give many interesting facts based on his own observations, but he is also well acquainted with authorities for those peoples who have not fallen within his own observation or independent study. But he is never overawed by his authorities. Giving them due consideration, he is able when necessary to offer cogent reasons for holding his own view, which, however, is always put forth with the requisite caution where the evidence does not amount to complete proof. Such a work necessarily contains a great mass of detailed information impossible to summarise, but it ought to be mentioned in a geographical periodical that full justice is done to geographical influences in his handling of his subject. It may be stated, too, that one general fact comes out pretty clearly from the author's researches, that the product of primitive labour is nearly always very scanty while yet the days are well, perhaps too well, filled in producing it. "The leisure of any primitive people is small enough” (p. 44).

It is regrettable to have to add of a work proceeding from a lecturer in the University of Oxford that the English is not faultless. It is now and again somewhat obscure, as in the sentence on pp. 261-2. "The [Hopi] villages are built on the tops of inaccessible mesas" (p. 212). How, then, did the builders get there?

BOOKS RECEIVED,

EUROPE.

Things Seen in Edinburgh: A Description of the Town, the Castle, the Classic Buildings, Historic Places, Environs, and Other Points of Interest. By E. GRIERSON, With 58 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. Pp. 157. London: Seeley, Service and Co., Ltd., 1926. Price 3s. 6d. net.

Places and Place-Names round Alyth. By JAMES MEIKLE, B.D., F.S. A.Scot. Demy 8vo. Pp. 203. Paisley: Alexander Gardner, 1925. Price 98.

Behold the Hebrides! or Wayfaring in the Western Isles. By ALASDAIR ALPIN MACGREGOR, M.A. Foreword by LORD Alness. Cr. 8vo. Pp. xv + 248. Edinburgh W. and R. Chambers, Ltd., 1925. Price 78. 6d.

Unknown Cornwall. By C. E. VULLIAMY, F.R.G.S. With Illustrations in Colour and Black and White by CHARLES SIMPSON, R.I., R.O.I. Foolscap 4to. Pp. xii + 246. London: John Lane, Ltd., 1925. Price 15s. net. Unknown Sussex. By DONALD MAXWELL. by the Author. Foolscap 4to. Pp. xiii+207. Price 15s net.

Illustrated in Line and Colour London: John Lane, Ltd., 1925.

Hampshire's Glorious Wilderness: Some Rambles and Reflections in and about the New Forest. By GEORGE R. TWEEDIE, J.P., F.C.S. Illustrated from Photographs by the Author. Demy 8vo. Pp. 148. London: The Homeland Association, Ltd., 1925. Price 7s. 6d. net.

vi + 204.

Zigzags in France and Various Essays. By E. V. LUCAS. Crown 8vo.
London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 6s. net.
Along the Pyrenees. By PAUL WILSTACH. Demy 8vo.
Geoffrey Bles, 1925. Price 16s. net.

Pp.

Pp. 302. London :

By CHARLES W. DOMVILLE-FIFE.

With

Things Seen in Switzerland. Illustrations and a Map. Crown 8vo. Pp. 157. London: Seeley, Service and Co., Ltd., 1926. Price 3s. 6d. net.

So You're Going to Italy. By CLARA E. LAUGHLIN. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Pp. xv+493. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 10s. 6d. net.

Southern Italy, including Rome, Sicily, and Sardinia: The Blue Guides. By L. V. BERTARELLI. Edited by FINDLAY MUIRHEAD. Crown 8vo. Pp. lxxii+531. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 158.

Beyond the Baltic. By A. MACCALLUM SCOTT. Demy 8vo. Pp. 316. Illustrated. London: Thornton Butterworth, Ltd., 1925. Price 12s. 6d. net.

Six Prisons and Two Revolutions: Adventures in Trans-Caucasia and Anatolia, 1920-1921. By OLIVER BALDWIN. Demy 8vo. Pp. 271. London : Hodder and Stoughton, Ltd., 1925. Price 12s. 6d.

vi + 310.

Leaves from a Russian Diary. By PITIRIM SOROKIN. Demy 8vo. Pp. London: Hurst and Blackett, Ltd., 1925. Price 18s. net. Things Seen in Constantinople. By A. GOODRICH-FREER, F.R.G.S. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. Pp. viii+158. London: Seeley, Service and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 38. 6d.

ASIA.

With a

Mount Sinai: A Modern Pilgrimage. By A. MARY R. DOBSON. Preface by RENDEL HARRIS. Crown 8vo. Pp. viii+144. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 6s. net.

Crown 8vo.

Pp.

Price 158. net.

The Arab at Home. By PAUL W. HARRISON, M.D. xii + 345. Illustrated. London: Hutchinson and Co., 1925. Babylonian Life and History. Second Edition. Rewritten throughout and Enlarged. By Sir E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, Kt., M.A., Litt.D. With 11 Plates and 22 Illustrations in the Text. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxi +296. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1925. Price 10s. 6d. net.

A Flying Visit to the Middle East. By the Right Hon. Sir SAMUEL HOARE, Bart., C.M.G., M.P. Crown 8vo. Pp. 88. Cambridge University Press, 1925. Price 3s. 6d. net.

Mosul and its Minorities. 8vo. Pp. ix+161. London: 10s. 6d. net.

By HARRY CHARLES LUKE. Illustrated. Demy
Martin Hopkinson and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price

Peoples of the Steppes. By RALPH FOX.

Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Pp. viii+246. London: Constable and Co., Ltd. Price 8s. 6d. net.

Through Khiva to Golden Samarkand: The Remarkable Story of a Woman's Adventurous Journey alone through the Deserts of Central Asia to the Heart of Turkestan. By ELLA R. CHRISTIE, F.R.G.S. With 55 Illustrations and a Map. Demy 8vo. Pp. 280. London: Seeley, Service and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 218. net.

Big Game Hunting in the Himalayas and Tibet. By Major G. BURRARD, D.S.O., R.F.A. With Sections by Col. A. G. ARBUTHNOT, C.M.G., W. B. COTTON, I.C.S., Col. G. H. EVANS, C.B.E., Sir OTTWAY WHEELER-CUFFE, Bart., and F. C. LowIS. Large Demy. Pp. 320. London: Herbert Jenkins, Ltd., 1925. Price 25s. net.

The Vegetation of Burma: From an Ecological Standpoint. By L. DUDLEY STAMP, B.A., D.Sc. (Lond.), A.K.C., F.G.S., I.E.S. Large 4to. Pp. 66. Calcutta Thacker, Spink and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 10s. 6d.

AFRICA.

New Light on Ancient Egypt. By G. MASPERO. Translated from the French by ELIZABETH LEE. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii +315. London: T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd., 1909. Presented by George Campbell, Esq., W.S., Edinburgh.

Geology of Egypt. Vol. 1. The Surface Features of Egypt, their Determining Causes and Relation to Geological Structure. By W. F. HUME, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. With Preface by Col. H. G. LYONS, D.Sc., F.R.S., and a Bibliography. Large Demy. Pp. xxiv + 408. Cairo: Government Press, 1925. Price P.T. 50.

The Lost Oases. By A. M. HASSANEIN BEY, F.R.G.S. Introduction by Sir RENNELL RODD. Demy 8vo. Pp. 316. Illustrated. Coloured Map. London : Thornton Butterworth, Ltd., 1925. Price 21s. net.

Beyond the Utmost Purple Rim: Abyssinia, Somaliland, Kenya Colony, Zanzibar, The Comoros, Madagascar. By E. ALEXANDER POWELL. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xx+431. London: John Long, Ltd., 1925. Price 18s. net.

From Red Sea to Blue Nile: Abyssinian Adventures. By ROSITA FORBES. With a Map and 61 Illustrations from Photographs by the Author. Large Demy. Pp. 349. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd., 1925. Price 25s. net. The Spirit-Ridden Konde. By D. R. MACKENZIE, F.R.G.S. With many Illustrations and a Map. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvi +318. London: Seeley, Service and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 21s. net.

A Bibliography of Sierra Leone, preceded by an Essay on the Origin, Character, and Peoples of the Colony and Protectorate. By HARRY CHARLES LUKE, B.Litt., M.A. Illustrated. Second Enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo. Pp. 230. Oxford University Press. London: Humphrey Milford, 1925. Price 8s. 6d. net.

Official Year Book of the Union of South Africa: No. 7.-1910-1924. Pretoria, 1925. Price 5s.

AMERICA.

Game Trails in British Columbia: Big Game and Other Sport in the Wilds of British Columbia. By A. BRYAN WILLIAMS, B.A. Demy 8vo. Pp. xiv + 360. London: John Murray 1925. Price 21s.

History of the American Frontier. By Professor FREDERIC L. PAXSON. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvii +598. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1924.

The Climates of the United States. By Professor ROBERT DE Courcy Ward. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvi +518. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1925. Price $4.