Mr. Armstrong was one of our officer-prisoners who was taken at the fall of Kut and was sent to Kastamuni, in Anatolia, from which latter place he succeeded in making his escape, and his first few chapters tell of the last days at Kut and of the march into captivity. His story serves as a reminder, if such be needed, of the dark days for our army in Mesopotamia, and of the horrors on the road when so many of our soldiers died as the result of sheer starvation and of the treatment they got from their Turkish captors. It is an oft-told tale, but the public memory is short, and there is reason to fear that the worst features of it are already fading into oblivion. And yet, Mr. Armstrong agrees with other witnesses in describing the Turkish officers as having been courteous, while even the German nurses in the prison hospital to which he was sent did all they could for the prisoners, though the nurses were "full of fierce patriotism" and the conditions in the hospital were unspeakably terrible.

The most important part of Mr. Armstrong's book is taken up with the conditions in Turkey after the Treaty of Sèvres, and up to the time when the allies evacuated Constantinople, following on the victory of the Turkish delegates at Lausanne. He had lived on friendly terms with the Turks, speaking their language, and, as he says in one place, enjoyed "the doubtful privilege of seeing behind their minds." One cannot without copious quotation do justice to his book, but we may say that it is worthy of careful study by all who are interested in the affairs of the Middle East and who are in search for light on many events which have hitherto been obscure and difficult to follow. On the ruins of the Ottoman Empire a new nation has been built whose coming may affect the destiny of the world, and especially that of Great Britain in the East.

The British Empire Universities Up-to-date Atlas: Guide to the British Commonwealth of Nations and Foreign Countries. Edited by GEORGE PHILIP, F.R.G.S. London: The Syndicate Publishing Co. n.d. Price 20s.

This volume, which is of a handy and compact size, is based upon the sound idea of giving in moderate compass a full account of British territory, and a briefer survey of foreign lands, completely illustrated by adequate maps, and brought up to date. The actual achievement does not, however, seem to us quite to come up to the standard of the publishers' glowing description. The maps are not always clear, and in the case of many of the double ones the alignment is faulty, so that a strip in the centre becomes almost useless; the political map of Asia is a notable example. We have not been able to find any information as to the year or period on which the trade diagrams on the maps are based, a fact which impairs their usefulness. Some of the symbols on the economic map of Scotland seem to be misplaced, and we take it that the comparatively large coalfield in south-eastern Dumfries is intended to represent a hope rather than an economic fact.

Green Islands in Glittering Seas. By W. LAVALLIN PUXLEY. London:
George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1925. Price 12s. 6d. net.

The Pacific Islands have so many interesting features that the author is to be congratulated on compressing into such a small space so much valuable information about them. He seems to have been on almost every island, to have seen almost everything, to have read copiously, and to have gathered from residents and others particulars which he had not the time or the opportunity to collect or observe for himself.

It is hardly possible to pick out the choicest chapters where all are so meritorious, but mention must be made of that on corals, which tries to do justice

to the marvellous shapes, colours, and beauties of the lagoons and their contents: of that on the beauty, cruelty, and romance of the Great Barrier Reef with its pearls, oysters, devil rays, turtles, and innumerable birds: of that on volcanoes whose violently sudden behaviour causes islands to disappear and to be created: of that in which are retailed the doings of white men who annexed and governed islands centuries ago: of that on the relics of the past on Walpole Island, Pitcairn Island, Tinian in the Ladrones, Ponape in the Carolines with its Island-Venice, and Malden Island, to mention only a few of that in which the author discourses on queer, isolated specimens of birds and beasts which, stranded on specks of land, have fallen out in the fight for existence or have adapted themselves to new surroundings and conditions. Where so much beauty is, it is regrettable that the author has to record so frequently rapid depopulation due to disease, drink, and other causes resulting from the advent of the white man. He offers suggestions as to how this may be arrested, and is emphatic that the Condominium in the New Hebrides must cease.

:

The author avers that his book is merely jottings, and that there is nothing new in it. While that may be so, the material is freshly handled, and the general reader will gladly tender thanks to Mr. Puxley for providing such a pleasant and appetising dish of varieties for consumption.

EDUCATIONAL.

By C. G. Beasley, Price 1s. 6d.

Local Geography: A Guide with Sources of Information. B.A. London: Thomas Murby and Co., 1925. This brochure, which gives a scheme of regional survey, with suggestions as to what maps should be made to represent the material collected, and where information should be sought, will be of great assistance to teachers of geography.

Handbook of Commercial Geography.
LL.D. New Edition, revised.
Price 25s net.

By GEO. G. CHISHOLM, M.A., B.Sc., London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1925.

Although the ninth edition of Dr. Chisholm's book, with all the elaborate changes necessitated by the War and its consequences, only appeared in May 1922 (see review in S.G.M., vol. XXXIX. p. 32), a new edition has been already called for. The present edition has been revised and corrected, and the section on Central America rewritten and considerably expanded, but the essential features remain as in the ninth edition.

Geography: The Scientific Study of Human Settlement. Book I. The British Isles. By R. E. PARRY, B.A., F.R.G.S. London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., 1925. Price 3s.

This is the first of a series of four geographical text-books designed to satisfy the needs of public, secondary, and central schools; the other volumes will deal with The Americas, Africa and Australasia, and Europe and Asia. The treatment is causal, and, judging from the above volume, pupils who use them should gain a good knowledge of the "why" of geographical facts. Book I. surveys the British Isles broadly, but attention is given to detail in order that the foundations of generalisation may be grasped. The exercises at the end of each chapter are on good lines, and will help to foster a spirit of research among the users. Numerous illustrations and a bibliography are included.

The book has good qualities, but is blemished by mis-spellings of Ardrossan

(p. 167), Newmains (p. 168), Arrochar (p. 171); by the statements (p. 161) that "Tweeds" get their name from the river Tweed and that Kelso makes tweed cloth, (p. 175) that Ballachulish is on the Island of Mull, (p. 176) that the distilleries of the Highlands depend on local oats. Why should Methil with its export of 40,000 to 70,000 tons a week be excluded from the list of coal-exporting towns and Dysart included? One may ask also how far north of Berwick "the low Garlton Hills" are?

Traité de Géographie Physique. Par Professeur EMM. DE MARTONNE. Tome I. Paris Armand Colin, 1924. Prix 40 francs.

Those to whom Professor de Martonne's great treatise on physical geography is a familiar friend and companion will learn with interest that the call for a fourth edition has led him to undertake a thorough and far-reaching revision. In the course of this he found that publication in one volume was no longer practicable, and the present volume forms the first of the three which are to be issued. It is divided into three parts, the first dealing with general principles, the second with climate, and the third with hydrography. It is stated in the preface that the material of this volume, and especially of its first part, has undergone less modification than that which is to constitute the two remaining volumes. But we notice a considerable number of changes, omissions, and additions as compared with the earlier issues, both as regards text and figures. A fuller review will be given after the remaining volumes have been published.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

EUROPE.

Fair Touraine : Stories and Legends of the Loire. By MARGARET AULTON. Illustrated with 90 Facsimile Reproductions of Original Drawings and Copper-plate Engravings by the Author. Royal 4to. Pp. 188. London: John Lane, 1925. Price 35s. net.

The Cairngorm Hills of Scotland. By SETON GORDON, B.A. (Oxon.), F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With 28 Illustrations from Photographs taken by the Author and his Wife. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+220. London: Cassell and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 158. net.

Russia in Division. By STEPHEN GRAHAM. Demy 8vo. Pp. x+293. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 78. 6d.

The New Baltic States and their Future: An Account of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. By OWEN RUTTER, F.R.G.S., F.R.A.I. Demy 8vo. Pp. xi+274. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 15s.

Lombardy, Tyrol, and the Trentino. By HUGH QUIGLEY. With 12 Illustrations and 2 Maps. Crown 8vo. Pp. xii+276. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 8s. 6d. net.

Pitlochry District: its Topography, Archaeology, and History. By HUGH MITCHELL, F.S.A.Scot. Crown 8vo. Pp. 160. Pitlochry: L. Mackay, 1923. A Wayfarer in Czecho-Slovakia. By E. I. ROBSON. With Pencil Drawings by J. R. E. HOWARD. Crown 8vo. Pp. xv+211. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 78. 6d.

The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608-1667. Vol. IV. Travels in Europe, 1639-1647. Edited by Sir RICHARD CARNAC TEMPLE, Bart., C.B., C.I.E., F.S.A. With fifteen Plates and four Maps. Pp. xlvi +280. London Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1925.

ASIA.

Wanderings in the Middle East. By A. SLOAN. With a Map and 19 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Pp. x+318. London: Hutchinson and Co., 1925. Price 18s. net.

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Wild Ceylon Describing in particular the lives of the present-day Veddas. By R. L. SPITTEL. With Illustrations from Photographs by the Author. Demy 8vo. Pp. 260. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Co., 1924. Price

12s. 6d. net.

District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Supplementary Notes and Statistics. Vol. III. Muzaffarnagar District. Pp. 15, and Appendix pp. lii. Price 14 annas; vol. x11. Etah District. Appendix pp. xlii. Price 10 annas. Allahabad Government Press, 1924.

Burma Gazetteer Volumes (Census Tables only). No. 43, Karenni States. Pp. 26. Price 1s. 10d. No. 41, Northern Shan States. Pp. 234. Price 128. Rangoon : Supt. Govt. Printing and Stationery, 1925.

AFRICA.

Mission de Délimination de L'Afrique Equatorial Française et du Soudan Anglo-Egyptien: Exposé des Travaux par le Lieutenant-Colonel GROSSARD. Préface du Général MANGIN. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+343. Paris: Emile Larose, 1925.

Geology of Egypt. Vol. 1. The Surface Features of Egypt: their Determining Causes and Relations to Geological Structure. By W. F. HUME, Director, Geological Survey of Egypt. With Preface by Colonel H. G. LYONS, Director, Science Museum, London, and a Bibliography. Demy 8vo. With 122 Plates. Pp. xliv + 408. Cairo: Government Press, 1925.

GENERAL.

Price P.T.50.

Professor Hickmann's Geographisch-Statistischer Universel Atlas, 1925. Vollständig neubearbeitet von ALOIS FISCHER. Demy 8vo. Pp. 80+88 Coloured Plates. Wein G. Freytag und Berndt. Price 178.

John Cary, Engraver, Map, Chart and Print Seller, and Globe-Maker, 1754 to 1835. A Bibliography with an Introduction and Biographical Notes. By Sir HERBERT GEORGE FORDHAM. With Two Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxxiv +139. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1925. Price 10s. 6d. net.

By Mail and Messenger. By T. COMYN-PLATT. Demy 8vo. Pp. 296. London: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 10s. 6d. net.

The Riddle of the Earth. By APPIAN WAY. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii + 251. London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1925. Price 10s. 6d. net.

Seven Log-Books concerning the Arctic Voyages of Captain William Scoresby, Senior, of Whitby, England. Issued in Facsimile by the Explorers' Club, New York, with Reproductions in Color of Portraits in Oils of Captain William Scoresby, Senior, and of Captain William Scoresby, Junior, D.D. Introductory Brochure edited by FREDERICK S. DELLENHAUGH. Crown Folio. New York: The Explorers' Club, 1917.

Modern Business Geography. By ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON and SUMNER W. CUSHING. Illustrated with 101 Maps and 84 Photographs. Demy 8vo. Pp. vi +352. London: George G. Harrap and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 8s. 6d. net.

The British Empire: A Study in Colonial Geography. By ALBERT DEMANGEON. Translated by ERNEST F. Row, B.Sc. (Econ.), L.C.P. Demy 8vo. Pp. 299. London : George G. Harrap and Co., Ltd., 1925. Price 7s. 6d.

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336

CONTENTS.

The Science and Art of Map-Making. By A. R. HINKS, C.B.E.,
F.R.S.,

Beira, the Ocean Gateway to Rhodesia and Nyasaland. By
G. de H. LARPENT. (With Illustrations and Sketch-Map),
Economic Resources and Problems of Yugoslavia. (With

Sketch-Maps.) By Miss M. R. SHACKLETON, B.A., University
College, London, .

Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society,
Annual Business Meeting,

Geographical Notes,

Derivation of Oslo-Aerial Navigation in the Arctic-Spitsbergen and
Norway-A New Periodical-A New Geographical Appliance.

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365

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376

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382

PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, CASTLE TERRACE.

Printed in Great Britain by T. AND A. CONSTABLE LTD., Edinburgh.

Agents-EDINBURGH: Douglas & Foulis.

GLASGOW: MacLehose, Jackson & Co.

LONDON: Edward Stanford, Ltd., 12, 13 and 14 Long Acre, W.C.

Issued Bimonthly to Members of the Society, on Jan. 15, Mar. 16, May 15 Price to Non-Members, 38.

July 15, Sept. 15, and Nov. 16.